阶级在变

1. 阶级的属性变了（经济crompton goldthrope）
2. 阶级的群体性不重要了（Savage autonomy and deny to be the outcome of social system和neo liberal）
3. 阶级的矛盾淡化了，物质保障与观念mobility（Beck）

阶级没在变

1. 经济和文化的差异造成了社会分层，这些差异无法消除，人类的社会属性，归属感

British Attitude Survey Reay: ‘class has always been important, regardless of whether a majority of the population identify in class terms’

1. 阶级有insular封闭性，我们不是upper class。排斥新成员，Weber（in hierarchy，easier to move up or down to middle class that to upper），eg文化资本
2. 阶层不平等在默默的强化，using ISA，culture industry和false class consciousness是上层阶级故意营造的，obscure但没有改变阶级矛盾，eg life chances，eg Davies

UKEssays. (November 2018). How Class Conscious Are People Today Sociology Essay

How Class Conscious Are People Today Sociology Essay

Tony Blair 1999 we were ‘all becoming middle class’ ‘old replaced by new meritocratic middle cls’

• 1⃣️embourgoisement thesis
  • Weber: group is defined by skills from occupations, society expands → different classes
  • Crompton changing nature of work → Goldthrope ‘new working class identity’ new forms of identity (home-centred, privatised)
• 2⃣️class less influence
  • Clarke and Saunders: classes have become fragmented, replaced with other influences like gender and lifestyles
  • Savage: ‘individualist ethic’, emphasize autonomy and deny to be outcome of social system, no longer strongly felt and not major source of identity and group belonging. WELFARE
• 3⃣️new ideologies
  • neo-liberal discourses of individuality and self-responsibility and meritocracy + lottery and promotion
  • Beck: class = ‘zombie-category’, modernization + high material + advanced social security systems, Diamond and Giddens not only working class experiences economic and social deprivation

Marxists: social class defined by income, still very important

• 1⃣️Social attitudes
  • British Attitudes Survey 2007, 94% identified themselves with a social class. Important source of identity as can be both ascribed and achieved.
• 2⃣️Are we middle class?
  • Devine: huge difference between new working class and the middle classes. middle to upper class no high level of respect
  • Weber: in the social hierarchy, easier to move up or down to middle class that to upper
• 3⃣️False class consiouenss and ideological control
  • Davies: richest 1% own 40% total global wealth (globalisation).
  • Reay: interests of privileged positions of those in society by masking their advantages (many mothers mentioned class resources)